Obligations And Contracts Hector De Leon ((install)) -

| Classification | Meaning | |---|---| | | No condition or term; immediately demandable. | | Conditional | Depends on a future or uncertain event (suspensive = obligation arises; resolutory = obligation ends). | | With a period/term | Demandable only upon arrival of a certain future date. | | Alternative | Several prestations due, but one is sufficient. | | Facultative | Only one prestation due, but debtor can substitute another. | | Joint | Each debtor liable only for his proportionate share. | | Solidary | Each debtor liable for the entire obligation (each creditor can demand full fulfillment). | | Divisible/Indivisible | Based on whether the object can be partially performed. | | With a penal clause | Stipulation of an accessory penalty for breach. | V. Breach and Modes of Extinguishment De Leon lists 10 modes of extinguishment (Art. 1231): Payment/performance, loss of the thing due, condonation (remission), confusion/merger of rights, compensation (set-off), novation, annulment, rescission, fulfillment of a resolutory condition, and prescription.

I. The Concept of an Obligation Under Philippine civil law, as synthesized by Hector De Leon, an obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do something (Article 1156, Civil Code). obligations and contracts hector de leon