Low cost, no energy input, minimal residual stress. Disadvantages: Slow, final MC limited by humidity (cannot go below ~12–15% in humid areas), risk of insect/fungal attack. 2. Solar Drying (Greenhouse Drying) A hybrid of air and kiln seasoning using solar energy.

Fast, precise final MC (down to 6%), kills insects/fungi, uniform results. Disadvantages: High capital and energy cost, risk of drying defects if not controlled. 4. Chemical Seasoning Green wood is treated with chemicals (e.g., salt solutions, urea) before or during drying.

1–3 months.

Faster than air drying, low operating cost, reduces MC to 8–10%. Disadvantages: Weather-dependent, requires large floor area, initial construction cost. II. Artificial (Accelerated) Methods 3. Kiln Seasoning (Industrial Drying) Wood is placed in an insulated chamber (kiln) with controlled temperature, humidity, and air circulation.

Wood is stacked inside a transparent-roofed chamber. Sun heats the air; vents allow hot, moist air to escape.